viernes, 14 de marzo de 2008

La iglesia catolica y la politica. Primera parte : La edad media.

El estado bajo Dios.


Desde el inicio de los tiempos han habido hombres y mujeres con ambre de poder. No solo dominar unos cuantos reinos sino tener al mundo entero a tus pies sin que nadie haga sombra a su poderio y nadie ose desovedecer sus ordenes.

Tras la caida del Sacro imperio romano europa entera quedó sumerguída en el caos donde solo imperaba la ley del mas fuerte y la ley de la iglesia. Desafortunadamente, en es epoca ambas leyes eran una sola.


Quiero aclarar algo: El concepto medieval de emperador(o Kaiser para los alemanes) y rey era bastante difernete. Un rey reinava sobre un solo pueblo mientras que un emperador, leguitimisado por el papa, tenia derecho de reinar sobre el mundo entero.

La pintura que ven ante ustedes fué hecha por orden del Emperador Otón III (Kaiser Otto III, según mi libro de historia en alemán) mejor conosido como: "Otón tercero del Sacro Imperio Germanico" .
Fué plasmada, con toda aprovación del vaticano, sobre las paginas de un evangelio. En ella se ve a Otón III vistiendo una capa roja (en esa epoca el uso del color rojo conotaba riqueza dado que los pigmentos para dicho color erantraidos desde oriente) sentado sobre su trono. En su mano sostiene una orbe dorada, vajo su trono yace la tierra (representada como una mujer; alución al mito griego de gea) , a su diestra y siniestra se hallan dos monarcas (reyes de algún pueblo sometido) , en la parte inferior del cuadro hay obispos y novles, y arriva del Kaiser solo se haya la mano de Dios, quien coloca una corona sobre su caveza rodeada de angeles y seres miticos.

Ahora viene la parte impotante de esto; La corona en su cabeza es colocada por Dios en persona y su trono se haya sobre la tierra entera, no sobre un solo pueblo como los reyes que cargan las vanderas de sus pueblos. La pintura es un simbolo de que Otto no era solo monarca del pueblo alemán. Nos muestra que tenía derecho, leguitimado por la voluntad de Dios, de reinar sobre el mundo entero.

Esta pintura a la vez funciona como piramide del poder medieval; Hasta arriva se hallan Dios y el emperador, debajo se hayan los reyes, luego novles y obispos y eso es todo. Debajo de ellos podríamos poner a los se~nores feudales, luego a granjeros libres y hastabajo quedaría el pueblo. Pero todos estos no importaban; su impotancia para lapolitica de la epoca era tan baja que ni siquiera se interesaban en incluirlos en la piramide.

Todo esto por la voluntad de dios, pues dios dava autoridad al emperadopr del sacro imperio y por lo tanto los demas devian de obedecer o atenerse a las consecuencias de la ira divina.

El emperador no reprsentava al pueblo, es mas este ni siquiera era consierado, los emperadores representavan a la iglesia y a un manojo de familis de nobles que los eliguieron (nota, que hayan sido eleguidos no puede llamarde democracia pues fueronb eleguidos por el papa y si a caso 7 nobles mas)


La segunda imaguen, pintada en una iglesia en Maiz cuatro siglos despues de la Muerte de Otón, representa la imagen ideal de la sociedad en aquella epoca.

En ella se ve a Cristo como centro, a su lado clero y nobleza ambos cargando cetros con cruses, a los pies del poder se hayan los pleveyos travajando el campo. En la imaguen se hayan escritas tres frases: Tu supplex ora, Tu protege, Tuque labora. Tu deves de orar, tu protejes, tu has de trabajar.

El clero no trabajaba, su unica función era orar y recivir dinero, los nobles no han de mover un dedo, solo manejarán a sus ejercitos para defenderse de reinos enemigos, y el plevello habrá de trabajar y hacer todo para mantener a los de arriva. Todo esto, de nuevo, vajo la autoridad de Cristo.


La cacería

La iglesia en aquella remota era ostentaba el mayor poder de la tierra y lo investia sobre los emperadores, quienes desde el siglo IV la habían declarado iglesia oficial y declarado a los herejes enemigos el estado, o sobre si misma en forma del uso de autoridad papal.

En un tiempo Asotado por numerosas enfermedades como la peste, la viruela y la malaria (si, malaria en Europa) donde la ciencia no estaba presente para dar respuestas y curar a los enfermos, el pueblo no hallava respuestas en l tierra y el clero era su unica guía en un mundo que no entendían.

Pero a pesar de esto la iglesia era temerosa de perder su autoridad y castigaba con mano de hierro a quienes se atrevían a desafiarles, contradecirles o decir cualquier cosa que sonara "potencialmente heretico", como se refirieron a los trabajos de Galileo, quien se atrevió a decir que Copernico tnía razón y que la Tierra no es el centro del universo sino que orbita al rededor del Sol.

Galileo fué jusgado por el santo oficio encarcelado y luego confinado a arresto domiciliario por el resto de su vida. Su obra fué prohivida y anotada dentro del Index Librorum Prohibitorum (El indice de las obras prohibidas) pasando así a ser parte de l colexión de libros proscritos por heregía y solo gracias a que varias copias de sus libros llegaron salir de italia y fueron distribuidas en francia, que era mas liberal , es que en nuestros dias tenemos acceo a su obra.

En 1184 el papa Lucio II crea la "Inquisición episcopal", porque no dependía de una autoridad central, sino que era administrada por los obispos locales , que mas tarde e convertiría en el tivunal de la santa inquisición y del santo oficio(Latín: Inquisitio Haereticae Pravitatis Sanctum Officium).
En 1231, ante el fracaso de la Inquisición episcopal, Gregorio IX, mediante la bula Excommunicamus, creó la "Inquisición pontificia", dirigida directamente por el Papa y dominada por los dominicos. En 1252, el papa Inocencio IV en la bula Ad extirpanda autorizó el uso de la tortura para obtener la confesión de los reos



En 1484, cuando Inocencio VIII da por oficial la existencia de la brujería por medio de la bula Summis desideratis affectibus:

"Ha llegado a nuestros oídos que gran número de personas de ambos sexos no evitan el fornicar con los demonios, íncubos y súcubos; y que mediante sus brujerías, hechizos y conjuros, sofocan, extinguen y hacen perecer la fecundidad de las mujeres, la propagación de los animales, la mies de la tierra."




Tanto Dios como el diavlo eran temidos, y era ese temor el que los llevava a ver en las brujas(que no eran otra cosa mas que cualquier persona que fuera lo suficientemente fuera de lo comun para ser notada) culpables para la peste, ver en monarcas absolutistas a los leguitimos lideres del mundo y hacer guerras fanaticas como las crusadas, donde hombres valientes davan sus vidas en nombre de su Dios.


Ejemplo claro de esto fué la publicacióndel Malleus Maleficarum (Martillo de las brujas en Castellano, Hexenhammer en Alemán) que llevó a los fanaticos religuiosos de aquell epoca a perseguir y asesinar gente bajo sospecha de brujería.





Durante varios siglos Europaentera vivió bajo olas de vioencia incitadas por la iglesia. Los protestantes fueron perseguidos desde su aparición, judios y moros fueron exterminados en toda la Peninsula Iberica, Millons de hombres murieron en las cruzadas (que a pezar de tener mas motivos a parte de la religuión fueron legitimisadas esta) y pensadores com Galileo y copernico vieron sus obras proscritas bajo por el poder del santo oficio.

La ierra en ese entonces estuvo bajo el poder de laIglesia catolica, Eppur si muove...


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Solo que el Malleus Maleficarum no fue aprobado por la Iglesia, lo hicieron creo que 2 sacerdotes o frailes inquisidores, sin embargo no contaba con la aprobación de la Iglesia, esta lo rechazó tenazmente.

Oye, con todo respeto, para supuestamente saber mucho o haber leído mucho, escribes muy mal, como lo dice uno de los posts.

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